Merged PR 2034: Add XE rates to staging

Ingests XE exchange rates from the new sync schema into staging.

Related work items: #17212

macros/tests/not_negative_or_zero.sql

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+{% test not_negative_or_zero(model, column_name) %}
+    with validation as (select {{ column_name }} as value from {{ model }})
+    select *
+    from validation
+    where value <= 0
+{% endtest %}

models/staging/xedotcom/_core_sources.yml

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+version: 2
+
+sources:
+  - name: xedotcom
+    schema: sync_xedotcom_currency_rates
+    tables:
+      - name: exchange_rates
+        identifier: exchange_rates

models/staging/xedotcom/schema.yml

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+models:
+  - name: stg_xedotcom__exchange_rates
+    description: >-
+      Exchange Rates sourced from xedotcom. The time granularity is daily. Each
+      record holds a currency pair for a specific day. 
+
+      Reverse rates are explicit. This means that, for any given day and any
+      given currency pair, you will find two records with opposite from/to
+      positions. So, for 2024-01-01, you will find both a EUR->USD record and a
+      USD->EUR record with the opposite rate (1/rate).
+    columns:
+      - name: id_exchange_rate
+        description: A unique ID for the record, derived from concatenating the
+          currencies and date. Currency order is relevant (EURUSD != USDEUR).
+        data_type: text
+        tests:
+          - not_null
+          - unique
+      - name: from_currency
+        description: The source currency, represented as an ISO 4217 code.
+        data_type: character
+        tests:
+          - not_null
+      - name: to_currency
+        description: The target currency, represented as an ISO 4217 code.
+        data_type: character
+        tests:
+          - not_null
+      - name: rate
+        description: >-
+          The exchange rate, represented as the units of the target currency
+          that one unit of source currency gets you. So, from_currency=USD to
+          to_currency=PLN with rate=4.2 should be read as '1 US Dollar buys me
+          4.2 Polish Zlotys'.
+
+          For same currency pairs (EUR to EUR, USD to USD, etc). The rate will
+          always be one.
+
+          The rate can be smaller than one, but can't be negative.
+        data_type: numeric
+        tests:
+          - not_negative_or_zero
+          - not_null
+      - name: rate_date_utc
+        description: The date in which the rate record is relevant.
+        data_type: date
+      - name: dwh_extracted_at_utc
+        data_type: timestamp without time zone

models/staging/xedotcom/stg_xedotcom__exchange_rates.sql

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+with
+    raw_exchange_rates as (select * from {{ source("xedotcom", "exchange_rates") }}),
+    stg_xedotcom__exchange_rates as (
+        select
+            concat(
+                {{ adapter.quote("from_currency") }},
+                {{ adapter.quote("to_currency") }},
+                {{ adapter.quote("rate_date_utc") }}
+            ) as id_exchange_rate,
+            {{ adapter.quote("from_currency") }},
+            {{ adapter.quote("to_currency") }},
+            {{ adapter.quote("rate") }},
+            {{ adapter.quote("rate_date_utc") }},
+            {{ adapter.quote("exported_at_utc") }} as dwh_extracted_at_utc
+
+        from raw_exchange_rates
+    )
+select *
+from stg_xedotcom__exchange_rates