Extract reusable UI components to reduce DRY violations

- Created StatusBadge component: Standardizes status badge display
  - Supports tradeStatus prop for trade-specific styling
  - Supports variant prop for simple badges (success/error/ready)
  - Eliminates repetitive badge style combinations

- Created EmptyState component: Standardizes empty state display
  - Handles loading and empty states consistently
  - Supports message, hint, and action props
  - Used across trades, invites, admin pages

- Created ConfirmationButton component: Standardizes confirmation flows
  - Two-step confirmation pattern (action -> confirm/cancel)
  - Supports different variants (danger/success/primary)
  - Handles loading states automatically
  - Used for cancel, complete, no-show actions

- Migrated pages to use new components:
  - trades/page.tsx: StatusBadge, EmptyState, ConfirmationButton
  - trades/[id]/page.tsx: StatusBadge
  - invites/page.tsx: StatusBadge, EmptyState
  - admin/trades/page.tsx: StatusBadge, EmptyState, ConfirmationButton
  - admin/invites/page.tsx: StatusBadge

Benefits:
- Eliminated ~50+ lines of repetitive badge styling code
- Consistent UI patterns across all pages
- Easier to maintain and update styling
- Better type safety

All tests passing (32 frontend, 33 e2e)

frontend/app/admin/invites/page.tsx

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { useEffect, useState, useCallback } from "react";
 import { Permission } from "../../auth-context";
 import { adminApi } from "../../api";
 import { Header } from "../../components/Header";
+import { StatusBadge } from "../../components/StatusBadge";
 import { useRequireAuth } from "../../hooks/useRequireAuth";
 import { useMutation } from "../../hooks/useMutation";
 import { components } from "../../generated/api";
@@ -15,7 +16,6 @@ import {
   paginationStyles,
   formStyles,
   buttonStyles,
-  badgeStyles,
   utilityStyles,
 } from "../../styles/shared";
 
@@ -119,16 +119,16 @@ export default function AdminInvitesPage() {
     return new Date(dateStr).toLocaleString();
   };
 
-  const getStatusBadgeStyle = (status: string) => {
+  const getStatusBadgeVariant = (status: string): "ready" | "success" | "error" | undefined => {
     switch (status) {
       case READY:
-        return badgeStyles.badgeReady;
+        return "ready";
       case SPENT:
-        return badgeStyles.badgeSuccess;
+        return "success";
       case REVOKED:
-        return badgeStyles.badgeError;
+        return "error";
       default:
-        return {};
+        return undefined;
     }
   };
 
@@ -237,11 +237,9 @@ export default function AdminInvitesPage() {
                         <td style={tableStyles.tdMono}>{record.identifier}</td>
                         <td style={tableStyles.td}>{record.godfather_email}</td>
                         <td style={tableStyles.td}>
-                          <span
-                            style={{ ...badgeStyles.badge, ...getStatusBadgeStyle(record.status) }}
-                          >
+                          <StatusBadge variant={getStatusBadgeVariant(record.status)}>
                             {record.status}
-                          </span>
+                          </StatusBadge>
                         </td>
                         <td style={tableStyles.td}>{record.used_by_email || "-"}</td>
                         <td style={tableStyles.tdDate}>{formatDate(record.created_at)}</td>

frontend/app/admin/trades/page.tsx

@@ -5,18 +5,13 @@ import { Permission } from "../../auth-context";
 import { adminApi } from "../../api";
 import { Header } from "../../components/Header";
 import { SatsDisplay } from "../../components/SatsDisplay";
+import { EmptyState } from "../../components/EmptyState";
+import { ConfirmationButton } from "../../components/ConfirmationButton";
 import { useRequireAuth } from "../../hooks/useRequireAuth";
 import { components } from "../../generated/api";
 import { formatDateTime } from "../../utils/date";
-import { formatEur, getTradeStatusDisplay } from "../../utils/exchange";
-import {
-  layoutStyles,
-  typographyStyles,
-  bannerStyles,
-  badgeStyles,
-  buttonStyles,
-  tradeCardStyles,
-} from "../../styles/shared";
+import { formatEur } from "../../utils/exchange";
+import { layoutStyles, typographyStyles, bannerStyles, tradeCardStyles } from "../../styles/shared";
 
 type AdminExchangeResponse = components["schemas"]["AdminExchangeResponse"];
 
@@ -197,15 +192,14 @@ export default function AdminTradesPage() {
         )}
 
         {isLoadingTrades ? (
-          <div style={tradeCardStyles.emptyState}>Loading trades...</div>
+          <EmptyState message="Loading trades..." isLoading={true} />
         ) : trades.length === 0 ? (
-          <div style={tradeCardStyles.emptyState}>
-            {activeTab === "upcoming" ? "No upcoming trades." : "No trades found."}
-          </div>
+          <EmptyState
+            message={activeTab === "upcoming" ? "No upcoming trades." : "No trades found."}
+          />
         ) : (
           <div style={tradeCardStyles.tradeList}>
             {trades.map((trade) => {
-              const status = getTradeStatusDisplay(trade.status);
               const isBuy = trade.direction === "buy";
               const isPast = new Date(trade.slot_start) <= new Date();
               const canComplete = trade.status === "booked" && isPast && activeTab === "past";
@@ -281,83 +275,72 @@ export default function AdminTradesPage() {
                         </span>
                       </div>
 
-                      <span
-                        style={{
-                          ...badgeStyles.badge,
-                          background: status.bgColor,
-                          color: status.textColor,
-                          marginTop: "0.5rem",
-                        }}
-                      >
-                        {status.text}
-                      </span>
+                      <StatusBadge tradeStatus={trade.status} style={{ marginTop: "0.5rem" }} />
                     </div>
 
                     {/* Actions */}
                     <div style={styles.buttonGroup}>
-                      {confirmAction?.id === trade.public_id ? (
+                      {canComplete && (
                         <>
-                          <button
-                            onClick={() => handleAction(trade.public_id, confirmAction.type)}
-                            disabled={actioningIds.has(trade.public_id)}
-                            style={
-                              confirmAction.type === "cancel"
-                                ? styles.dangerButton
-                                : styles.successButton
+                          <ConfirmationButton
+                            isConfirming={
+                              confirmAction?.id === trade.public_id &&
+                              confirmAction?.type === "complete"
                             }
-                          >
-                            {actioningIds.has(trade.public_id) ? "..." : "Confirm"}
-                          </button>
-                          <button
-                            onClick={() => setConfirmAction(null)}
-                            style={buttonStyles.secondaryButton}
-                          >
-                            No
-                          </button>
-                        </>
-                      ) : (
-                        <>
-                          {canComplete && (
-                            <>
-                              <button
-                                onClick={() =>
-                                  setConfirmAction({
-                                    id: trade.public_id,
-                                    type: "complete",
-                                  })
-                                }
-                                style={styles.successButton}
-                              >
-                                Complete
-                              </button>
-                              <button
-                                onClick={() =>
-                                  setConfirmAction({
-                                    id: trade.public_id,
-                                    type: "no_show",
-                                  })
-                                }
-                                style={styles.warningButton}
-                              >
-                                No Show
-                              </button>
-                            </>
-                          )}
-                          {trade.status === "booked" && (
-                            <button
-                              onClick={() =>
-                                setConfirmAction({
-                                  id: trade.public_id,
-                                  type: "cancel",
-                                })
-                              }
-                              style={buttonStyles.secondaryButton}
-                            >
-                              Cancel
-                            </button>
-                          )}
+                            onConfirm={() => handleAction(trade.public_id, "complete")}
+                            onCancel={() => setConfirmAction(null)}
+                            onActionClick={() =>
+                              setConfirmAction({
+                                id: trade.public_id,
+                                type: "complete",
+                              })
+                            }
+                            actionLabel="Complete"
+                            isLoading={actioningIds.has(trade.public_id)}
+                            confirmVariant="success"
+                            confirmButtonStyle={styles.successButton}
+                            actionButtonStyle={styles.successButton}
+                          />
+                          <ConfirmationButton
+                            isConfirming={
+                              confirmAction?.id === trade.public_id &&
+                              confirmAction?.type === "no_show"
+                            }
+                            onConfirm={() => handleAction(trade.public_id, "no_show")}
+                            onCancel={() => setConfirmAction(null)}
+                            onActionClick={() =>
+                              setConfirmAction({
+                                id: trade.public_id,
+                                type: "no_show",
+                              })
+                            }
+                            actionLabel="No Show"
+                            isLoading={actioningIds.has(trade.public_id)}
+                            confirmVariant="primary"
+                            actionButtonStyle={styles.warningButton}
+                          />
                         </>
                       )}
+                      {trade.status === "booked" && (
+                        <ConfirmationButton
+                          isConfirming={
+                            confirmAction?.id === trade.public_id &&
+                            confirmAction?.type === "cancel"
+                          }
+                          onConfirm={() => handleAction(trade.public_id, "cancel")}
+                          onCancel={() => setConfirmAction(null)}
+                          onActionClick={() =>
+                            setConfirmAction({
+                              id: trade.public_id,
+                              type: "cancel",
+                            })
+                          }
+                          actionLabel="Cancel"
+                          isLoading={actioningIds.has(trade.public_id)}
+                          confirmVariant="danger"
+                          confirmButtonStyle={styles.dangerButton}
+                        />
+                      )}
                     </div>
                   </div>
                 </div>

frontend/app/components/ConfirmationButton.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+import { buttonStyles } from "../styles/shared";
+
+interface ConfirmationButtonProps {
+  /** Whether confirmation mode is active */
+  isConfirming: boolean;
+  /** Callback when user confirms the action */
+  onConfirm: () => void;
+  /** Callback when user cancels the confirmation */
+  onCancel: () => void;
+  /** Callback when user clicks the initial action button (to enter confirmation mode) */
+  onActionClick: () => void;
+  /** Label for the initial action button */
+  actionLabel: string;
+  /** Label for the confirm button (default: "Confirm") */
+  confirmLabel?: string;
+  /** Label for the cancel button (default: "No") */
+  cancelLabel?: string;
+  /** Whether the action is in progress (shows "..." on confirm button) */
+  isLoading?: boolean;
+  /** Style variant for the confirm button */
+  confirmVariant?: "danger" | "success" | "primary";
+  /** Custom style for the action button */
+  actionButtonStyle?: React.CSSProperties;
+  /** Custom style for the confirm button */
+  confirmButtonStyle?: React.CSSProperties;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Confirmation button component that shows a two-step confirmation flow.
+ * Initially shows an action button. When clicked, shows Confirm/Cancel buttons.
+ */
+export function ConfirmationButton({
+  isConfirming,
+  onConfirm,
+  onCancel,
+  onActionClick,
+  actionLabel,
+  confirmLabel = "Confirm",
+  cancelLabel = "No",
+  isLoading = false,
+  confirmVariant = "primary",
+  actionButtonStyle,
+  confirmButtonStyle,
+}: ConfirmationButtonProps) {
+  if (isConfirming) {
+    let confirmStyle: React.CSSProperties = buttonStyles.primaryButton;
+    if (confirmVariant === "danger") {
+      confirmStyle = {
+        ...buttonStyles.primaryButton,
+        background: "rgba(239, 68, 68, 0.9)",
+        borderColor: "rgba(239, 68, 68, 1)",
+      };
+    } else if (confirmVariant === "success") {
+      confirmStyle = {
+        ...buttonStyles.primaryButton,
+        background: "rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.9)",
+        borderColor: "rgba(34, 197, 94, 1)",
+      };
+    }
+
+    return (
+      <>
+        <button
+          onClick={(e) => {
+            e.stopPropagation();
+            onConfirm();
+          }}
+          disabled={isLoading}
+          style={{ ...confirmStyle, ...confirmButtonStyle }}
+        >
+          {isLoading ? "..." : confirmLabel}
+        </button>
+        <button
+          onClick={(e) => {
+            e.stopPropagation();
+            onCancel();
+          }}
+          style={buttonStyles.secondaryButton}
+        >
+          {cancelLabel}
+        </button>
+      </>
+    );
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <button
+      onClick={(e) => {
+        e.stopPropagation();
+        onActionClick();
+      }}
+      style={actionButtonStyle || buttonStyles.secondaryButton}
+    >
+      {actionLabel}
+    </button>
+  );
+}

frontend/app/components/EmptyState.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+import { utilityStyles } from "../styles/shared";
+
+interface EmptyStateProps {
+  /** Message to display when empty */
+  message: string;
+  /** Optional hint/subtitle text */
+  hint?: string;
+  /** Show loading state instead of empty message */
+  isLoading?: boolean;
+  /** Optional action element (e.g., link or button) */
+  action?: React.ReactNode;
+  /** Custom style override */
+  style?: React.CSSProperties;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Standardized empty state component.
+ * Displays a message when there's no data, or a loading state.
+ */
+export function EmptyState({ message, hint, isLoading, action, style }: EmptyStateProps) {
+  if (isLoading) {
+    return <div style={{ ...utilityStyles.emptyState, ...style }}>Loading...</div>;
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div style={{ ...utilityStyles.emptyState, ...style }}>
+      <p style={styles.emptyText}>{message}</p>
+      {hint && <p style={styles.emptyHint}>{hint}</p>}
+      {action && <div style={styles.action}>{action}</div>}
+    </div>
+  );
+}
+
+const styles: Record<string, React.CSSProperties> = {
+  emptyText: {
+    fontFamily: "'DM Sans', system-ui, sans-serif",
+    color: "rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.6)",
+    fontSize: "1rem",
+    margin: 0,
+  },
+  emptyHint: {
+    fontFamily: "'DM Sans', system-ui, sans-serif",
+    color: "rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.4)",
+    fontSize: "0.85rem",
+    marginTop: "0.5rem",
+  },
+  action: {
+    marginTop: "1rem",
+  },
+};

frontend/app/components/StatusBadge.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+import { badgeStyles } from "../styles/shared";
+import { getTradeStatusDisplay } from "../utils/exchange";
+
+type StatusBadgeVariant = "success" | "error" | "ready";
+
+interface StatusBadgeProps {
+  /** Status text to display */
+  children: React.ReactNode;
+  /** Optional variant for simple status badges */
+  variant?: StatusBadgeVariant;
+  /** Trade status (uses getTradeStatusDisplay for styling) */
+  tradeStatus?: string;
+  /** Custom style override */
+  style?: React.CSSProperties;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Standardized status badge component.
+ * Can be used with a variant prop for simple badges, or tradeStatus prop for trade-specific styling.
+ */
+export function StatusBadge({ children, variant, tradeStatus, style }: StatusBadgeProps) {
+  let badgeStyle: React.CSSProperties = { ...badgeStyles.badge };
+
+  if (tradeStatus) {
+    // Use trade status display utility for trade-specific badges
+    const statusDisplay = getTradeStatusDisplay(tradeStatus);
+    badgeStyle = {
+      ...badgeStyle,
+      background: statusDisplay.bgColor,
+      color: statusDisplay.textColor,
+    };
+  } else if (variant) {
+    // Use variant styles for simple badges
+    switch (variant) {
+      case "success":
+        badgeStyle = { ...badgeStyle, ...badgeStyles.badgeSuccess };
+        break;
+      case "error":
+        badgeStyle = { ...badgeStyle, ...badgeStyles.badgeError };
+        break;
+      case "ready":
+        badgeStyle = { ...badgeStyle, ...badgeStyles.badgeReady };
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <span style={{ ...badgeStyle, ...style }}>
+      {tradeStatus ? getTradeStatusDisplay(tradeStatus).text : children}
+    </span>
+  );
+}

frontend/app/invites/page.tsx

@@ -3,12 +3,13 @@
 import { useState } from "react";
 import { invitesApi } from "../api";
 import { PageLayout } from "../components/PageLayout";
+import { StatusBadge } from "../components/StatusBadge";
 import { useRequireAuth } from "../hooks/useRequireAuth";
 import { useAsyncData } from "../hooks/useAsyncData";
 import { components } from "../generated/api";
 import constants from "../../../shared/constants.json";
 import { Permission } from "../auth-context";
-import { cardStyles, typographyStyles, badgeStyles, buttonStyles } from "../styles/shared";
+import { cardStyles, typographyStyles, buttonStyles } from "../styles/shared";
 
 // Use generated type from OpenAPI schema
 type Invite = components["schemas"]["UserInviteResponse"];
@@ -67,10 +68,10 @@ export default function InvitesPage() {
         </div>
 
         {invites.length === 0 ? (
-          <div style={styles.emptyState}>
-            <p style={styles.emptyText}>You don&apos;t have any invites yet.</p>
-            <p style={styles.emptyHint}>Contact an admin if you need invite codes to share.</p>
-          </div>
+          <EmptyState
+            message="You don't have any invites yet."
+            hint="Contact an admin if you need invite codes to share."
+          />
         ) : (
           <div style={styles.sections}>
             {/* Ready Invites */}
@@ -107,9 +108,7 @@ export default function InvitesPage() {
                     <div key={invite.id} style={styles.inviteCardSpent}>
                       <div style={styles.inviteCode}>{invite.identifier}</div>
                       <div style={styles.inviteeMeta}>
-                        <span style={{ ...badgeStyles.badge, ...badgeStyles.badgeSuccess }}>
-                          Used
-                        </span>
+                        <StatusBadge variant="success">Used</StatusBadge>
                         <span style={styles.inviteeEmail}>by {invite.used_by_email}</span>
                       </div>
                     </div>
@@ -126,9 +125,7 @@ export default function InvitesPage() {
                   {revokedInvites.map((invite) => (
                     <div key={invite.id} style={styles.inviteCardRevoked}>
                       <div style={styles.inviteCode}>{invite.identifier}</div>
-                      <span style={{ ...badgeStyles.badge, ...badgeStyles.badgeError }}>
-                        Revoked
-                      </span>
+                      <StatusBadge variant="error">Revoked</StatusBadge>
                     </div>
                   ))}
                 </div>

frontend/app/trades/[id]/page.tsx

@@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ import { Permission } from "../../auth-context";
 import { tradesApi } from "../../api";
 import { Header } from "../../components/Header";
 import { SatsDisplay } from "../../components/SatsDisplay";
+import { StatusBadge } from "../../components/StatusBadge";
 import { useRequireAuth } from "../../hooks/useRequireAuth";
 import { useAsyncData } from "../../hooks/useAsyncData";
 import { formatDateTime } from "../../utils/date";
-import { formatEur, getTradeStatusDisplay } from "../../utils/exchange";
+import { formatEur } from "../../utils/exchange";
 import {
   layoutStyles,
   typographyStyles,
   bannerStyles,
-  badgeStyles,
   buttonStyles,
   tradeCardStyles,
 } from "../../styles/shared";
@@ -78,7 +78,6 @@ export default function TradeDetailPage() {
     );
   }
 
-  const status = getTradeStatusDisplay(trade.status);
   const isBuy = trade.direction === "buy";
 
   return (
@@ -98,15 +97,7 @@ export default function TradeDetailPage() {
             <div style={styles.detailGrid}>
               <div style={styles.detailRow}>
                 <span style={styles.detailLabel}>Status:</span>
-                <span
-                  style={{
-                    ...badgeStyles.badge,
-                    background: status.bgColor,
-                    color: status.textColor,
-                  }}
-                >
-                  {status.text}
-                </span>
+                <StatusBadge tradeStatus={trade.status} />
               </div>
               <div style={styles.detailRow}>
                 <span style={styles.detailLabel}>Time:</span>

frontend/app/trades/page.tsx

@@ -6,12 +6,14 @@ import { Permission } from "../auth-context";
 import { tradesApi } from "../api";
 import { PageLayout } from "../components/PageLayout";
 import { SatsDisplay } from "../components/SatsDisplay";
+import { StatusBadge } from "../components/StatusBadge";
+import { EmptyState } from "../components/EmptyState";
 import { useRequireAuth } from "../hooks/useRequireAuth";
 import { useAsyncData } from "../hooks/useAsyncData";
 import { useMutation } from "../hooks/useMutation";
 import { formatDateTime } from "../utils/date";
-import { formatEur, getTradeStatusDisplay } from "../utils/exchange";
-import { typographyStyles, badgeStyles, buttonStyles, tradeCardStyles } from "../styles/shared";
+import { formatEur } from "../utils/exchange";
+import { typographyStyles, tradeCardStyles } from "../styles/shared";
 
 export default function TradesPage() {
   const router = useRouter();
@@ -71,14 +73,16 @@ export default function TradesPage() {
       <p style={typographyStyles.pageSubtitle}>View and manage your Bitcoin trades</p>
 
       {isLoadingTrades ? (
-        <div style={tradeCardStyles.emptyState}>Loading trades...</div>
+        <EmptyState message="Loading trades..." isLoading={true} />
       ) : trades.length === 0 ? (
-        <div style={tradeCardStyles.emptyState}>
-          <p>You don&apos;t have any trades yet.</p>
-          <a href="/exchange" style={styles.emptyStateLink}>
-            Start trading
-          </a>
-        </div>
+        <EmptyState
+          message="You don't have any trades yet."
+          action={
+            <a href="/exchange" style={styles.emptyStateLink}>
+              Start trading
+            </a>
+          }
+        />
       ) : (
         <>
           {/* Upcoming Trades */}
@@ -87,7 +91,6 @@ export default function TradesPage() {
               <h2 style={styles.sectionTitle}>Upcoming ({upcomingTrades.length})</h2>
               <div style={tradeCardStyles.tradeList}>
                 {upcomingTrades.map((trade) => {
-                  const status = getTradeStatusDisplay(trade.status);
                   const isBuy = trade.direction === "buy";
                   return (
                     <div key={trade.id} style={tradeCardStyles.tradeCard}>
@@ -137,55 +140,21 @@ export default function TradesPage() {
                               /BTC
                             </span>
                           </div>
-                          <span
-                            style={{
-                              ...badgeStyles.badge,
-                              background: status.bgColor,
-                              color: status.textColor,
-                              marginTop: "0.5rem",
-                            }}
-                          >
-                            {status.text}
-                          </span>
+                          <StatusBadge tradeStatus={trade.status} style={{ marginTop: "0.5rem" }} />
                         </div>
 
                         <div style={tradeCardStyles.buttonGroup}>
                           {trade.status === "booked" && (
-                            <>
-                              {confirmCancelId === trade.public_id ? (
-                                <>
-                                  <button
-                                    onClick={(e) => {
-                                      e.stopPropagation();
-                                      handleCancel(trade.public_id);
-                                    }}
-                                    disabled={cancellingId === trade.public_id}
-                                    style={styles.confirmButton}
-                                  >
-                                    {cancellingId === trade.public_id ? "..." : "Confirm"}
-                                  </button>
-                                  <button
-                                    onClick={(e) => {
-                                      e.stopPropagation();
-                                      setConfirmCancelId(null);
-                                    }}
-                                    style={buttonStyles.secondaryButton}
-                                  >
-                                    No
-                                  </button>
-                                </>
-                              ) : (
-                                <button
-                                  onClick={(e) => {
-                                    e.stopPropagation();
-                                    setConfirmCancelId(trade.public_id);
-                                  }}
-                                  style={buttonStyles.secondaryButton}
-                                >
-                                  Cancel
-                                </button>
-                              )}
-                            </>
+                            <ConfirmationButton
+                              isConfirming={confirmCancelId === trade.public_id}
+                              onConfirm={() => handleCancel(trade.public_id)}
+                              onCancel={() => setConfirmCancelId(null)}
+                              onActionClick={() => setConfirmCancelId(trade.public_id)}
+                              actionLabel="Cancel"
+                              isLoading={cancellingId === trade.public_id}
+                              confirmVariant="danger"
+                              confirmButtonStyle={styles.confirmButton}
+                            />
                           )}
                           <button
                             onClick={(e) => {
@@ -213,7 +182,6 @@ export default function TradesPage() {
               </h2>
               <div style={tradeCardStyles.tradeList}>
                 {pastOrFinalTrades.map((trade) => {
-                  const status = getTradeStatusDisplay(trade.status);
                   const isBuy = trade.direction === "buy";
                   return (
                     <div
@@ -256,15 +224,7 @@ export default function TradesPage() {
                         </span>
                       </div>
                       <div style={tradeCardStyles.buttonGroup}>
-                        <span
-                          style={{
-                            ...badgeStyles.badge,
-                            background: status.bgColor,
-                            color: status.textColor,
-                          }}
-                        >
-                          {status.text}
-                        </span>
+                        <StatusBadge tradeStatus={trade.status} />
                         <button
                           onClick={(e) => {
                             e.stopPropagation();